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Unstructured data

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Unstructured data (or unstructured information) is information that either does not have a pre-defined <a href="Data_model" title="Data model">data model</a> or is not organized in a pre-defined manner. Unstructured information is typically <a href="Plain_text" title="Plain text">text</a>-heavy, but may contain data such as dates, numbers, and facts as well. This results in irregularities and <a href="Ambiguities" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambiguities">ambiguities</a> that make it difficult to understand using traditional programs as compared to data stored in fielded form in databases or <a href="Annotation" title="Annotation">annotated</a> (<a href="Tag_(metadata)" title="Tag (metadata)">semantically tagged</a>) in documents.

In 1998, <a href="Merrill_Lynch" class="mw-redirect" title="Merrill Lynch">Merrill Lynch</a> said "unstructured data comprises the vast majority of data found in an organization, some estimates run as high as 80%."<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> It is unclear what the source of this number is, but nonetheless it is accepted by some.<a href="#cite_note-Clarabridge-2">[2]</a> Other sources have reported similar or higher percentages of unstructured data.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>

As of 2012, <a href="International_Data_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Data Corporation">IDC</a> and <a href="Dell_EMC" class="mw-redirect" title="Dell EMC">Dell EMC</a> project that data will grow to 40 <a href="Zettabytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Zettabytes">zettabytes</a> by 2020, resulting in a 50-fold growth from the beginning of 2010.<a href="#cite_note-idc-6">[6]</a> More recently, IDC and <a href="Seagate_Technology" title="Seagate Technology">Seagate</a> predict that the global <a href="Datasphere" title="Datasphere">datasphere</a> will grow to 163 zettabytes by 2025 <a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and majority of that will be unstructured. The <a href="Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computer World magazine</a> states that unstructured information might account for more than 70–80% of all data in organizations.<a class="external autonumber external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unstructured_data#endnote_computerworld">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

The earliest research into <a href="Business_intelligence" title="Business intelligence">business intelligence</a> focused in on unstructured textual data, rather than numerical data.<a href="#cite_note-History-8">[8]</a> As early as 1958, <a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> researchers like <a href="Hans_Peter_Luhn" title="Hans Peter Luhn">H.P. Luhn</a> were particularly concerned with the extraction and classification of unstructured text.<a href="#cite_note-History-8">[8]</a> However, only since the turn of the century has the technology caught up with the research interest. In 2004, the <a href="SAS_Institute" title="SAS Institute">SAS Institute</a> developed the <a href="SAS_(software)" title="SAS (software)">SAS</a> Text Miner, which uses <a href="Singular_Value_Decomposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Singular Value Decomposition">Singular Value Decomposition</a> (SVD) to reduce a <a href="Dimensional_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimensional Analysis">hyper-dimensional</a> textual <a href="Space_(mathematics)" title="Space (mathematics)">space</a> into smaller dimensions for significantly more efficient machine-analysis.<a href="#cite_note-SVD-9">[9]</a> The mathematical and technological advances sparked by <a href="Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine</a> textual analysis prompted a number of businesses to research applications, leading to the development of fields like <a href="Sentiment_analysis" title="Sentiment analysis">sentiment analysis</a>, <a href="Voice_of_the_customer" title="Voice of the customer">voice of the customer</a> mining, and call center optimization.<a href="#cite_note-Applications-10">[10]</a> The emergence of <a href="Big_Data" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Data">Big Data</a> in the late 2000s led to a heightened interest in the applications of unstructured data analytics in contemporary fields such as <a href="Predictive_analytics" title="Predictive analytics">predictive analytics</a> and <a href="Root_cause_analysis" title="Root cause analysis">root cause analysis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues_with_terminology">Issues with terminology</h2></div>

The term is imprecise for several reasons:

<ol><li><a href="Structure" title="Structure">Structure</a>, while not formally defined, can still be implied.</li>

<li>Data with some form of structure may still be characterized as unstructured if its structure is not helpful for the processing task at hand.</li>

<li>Unstructured information might have some structure (<a href="Semi-structured_data" title="Semi-structured data">semi-structured</a>) or even be highly structured but in ways that are unanticipated or unannounced.</li></ol>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dealing_with_unstructured_data">Dealing with unstructured data</h2></div>

Techniques such as <a href="Data_mining" title="Data mining">data mining</a>, <a href="Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a> (NLP), and <a href="Text_analytics" class="mw-redirect" title="Text analytics">text analytics</a> provide different methods to <a href="Pattern_recognition" title="Pattern recognition">find patterns</a> in, or otherwise interpret, this information. Common techniques for structuring text usually involve manual <a href="Tag_(metadata)" title="Tag (metadata)">tagging with metadata</a> or <a href="Part-of-speech_tagging" title="Part-of-speech tagging">part-of-speech tagging</a> for further <a href="Text_mining" title="Text mining">text mining</a>-based structuring. The <a href="UIMA" title="UIMA">Unstructured Information Management Architecture</a> (UIMA) standard provided a common framework for processing this information to extract meaning and create structured data about the information.

Software that creates machine-processable structure can utilize the linguistic, auditory, and visual structure that exist in all forms of human communication.<a href="#cite_note-IntelligentEnterprise-12">[12]</a> Algorithms can infer this inherent structure from text, for instance, by examining word <a href="Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>, sentence syntax, and other small- and large-scale patterns. Unstructured information can then be enriched and tagged to address ambiguities and relevancy-based techniques then used to facilitate search and discovery. Examples of "unstructured data" may include books, journals, documents, <a href="Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>, <a href="Health_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Health record">health records</a>, <a href="Sound" title="Sound">audio</a>, <a href="Video" title="Video">video</a>, <a href="Analog_device" title="Analog device">analog data</a>, images, files, and unstructured text such as the body of an <a href="E-mail" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail">e-mail</a> message, <a href="Web_page" title="Web page">Web page</a>, or <a href="Word-processor" class="mw-redirect" title="Word-processor">word-processor</a> document. While the main content being conveyed does not have a defined structure, it generally comes packaged in objects (e.g. in files or documents, ...) that themselves have structure and are thus a mix of structured and unstructured data, but collectively this is still referred to as "unstructured data".<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> For example, an <a href="HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> web page is tagged, but HTML mark-up typically serves solely for rendering. It does not capture the meaning or function of tagged elements in ways that support automated processing of the information content of the page. <a href="XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a> tagging does allow machine processing of elements, although it typically does not capture or convey the semantic meaning of tagged terms.

Since unstructured data commonly occurs in <a href="Electronic_document" title="Electronic document">electronic documents</a>, the use of a <a href="Content_management" title="Content management">content</a> or <a href="Document_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Document management">document management</a> system which can categorize entire documents is often preferred over data transfer and manipulation from within the documents. Document management thus provides the means to convey structure onto <a href="Text_corpus" title="Text corpus">document collections</a>.

<a href="Search_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Search engines">Search engines</a> have become popular tools for indexing and searching through such data, especially text.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Approaches_in_natural_language_processing">Approaches in natural language processing</h3></div>

Specific computational workflows have been developed to impose structure upon the unstructured data contained within text documents. These workflows are generally designed to handle sets of thousands or even millions of documents, or far more than manual approaches to annotation may permit. Several of these approaches are based upon the concept of <a href="Online_analytical_processing" title="Online analytical processing">online analytical processing, or OLAP</a>, and may be supported by data models such as text cubes.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Once document metadata is available through a data model, generating summaries of subsets of documents (i.e., cells within a text cube) may be performed with phrase-based approaches.<a href="#cite_note-textcubes-15">[15]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Approaches_in_medicine_and_biomedical_research">Approaches in medicine and biomedical research</h3></div>

Biomedical research generates one major source of unstructured data as researchers often publish their findings in scholarly journals. Though the language in these documents is challenging to derive structural elements from (e.g., due to the complicated technical vocabulary contained within and the <a href="Domain_knowledge" title="Domain knowledge">domain knowledge</a> required to fully contextualize observations), the results of these activities may yield links between technical and medical studies<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> and clues regarding new disease therapies.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Recent efforts to enforce structure upon biomedical documents include <a href="Self-organizing_map" title="Self-organizing map">self-organizing map</a> approaches for identifying topics among documents,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> general-purpose <a href="Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">unsupervised algorithms</a>,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> and an application of the CaseOLAP workflow<a href="#cite_note-textcubes-15">[15]</a> to determine associations between protein names and <a href="Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a> topics in the literature.<a href="#cite_note-caseolapCV-20">[20]</a> CaseOLAP defines phrase-category relationships in an accurate (identifies relationships), consistent (highly reproducible), and efficient manner. This platform offers enhanced accessibility and empowers the biomedical community with phrase-mining tools for widespread biomedical research applications.<a href="#cite_note-caseolapCV-20">[20]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_use_of_"unstructured"_in_data_privacy_regulations">The use of "unstructured" in data privacy regulations</h2></div>

In Sweden (EU), pre 2018, some data privacy regulations did not apply if the data in question was confirmed as "unstructured".<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> This terminology, unstructured data, is rarely used in the EU after <a href="GDPR" class="mw-redirect" title="GDPR">GDPR</a> came into force in 2018. GDPR does neither mention nor define "unstructured data". It does use the word "structured" as follows (without defining it);

<ul><li>Parts of GDPR Recital 15, "The protection of natural persons should apply to the processing of personal data ... if ... contained in a filing system."</li>

<li>GDPR Article 4, "‘filing system’ means any structured set of personal data which are accessible according to specific criteria ..."</li></ul>

GDPR Case-law on what defines a "filing system"; "the specific criterion and the specific form in which the set of personal data collected by each of the members who engage in preaching is actually structured is irrelevant, so long as that set of data makes it possible for the data relating to a specific person who has been contacted to be easily retrieved, which is however for the referring court to ascertain in the light of all the circumstances of the case in the main proceedings.” (<a href="Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">CJEU</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?docid=203822&doclang=EN%7CJehovan">Todistajat v. Tietosuojavaltuutettu, Jehovan, Paragraph 61</a>).

If <a href="Personal_data" title="Personal data">personal data</a> is easily retrieved - then it is a filing system and - then it is in scope for GDPR regardless of being "structured" or "unstructured". Most electronic systems today, subject to access and applied software, can allow for easy retrieval of data.

<ul><li><a href="Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">Clustering</a></li>

<li><a href="Pattern_recognition" title="Pattern recognition">Pattern recognition</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_text_mining_software" title="List of text mining software">List of text mining software</a></li>

<li><a href="Semi-structured_data" title="Semi-structured data">Semi-structured data</a></li>

<li><a href="Structured_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Structured data">Structured data</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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</style><a href="#ref_Today’s_Challenge_in_Government">^</a> Today's Challenge in Government: What to do with Unstructured Information and Why Doing Nothing Isn't An Option, Noel Yuhanna, Principal Analyst, <a href="Forrester_Research" title="Forrester Research">Forrester Research</a>, Nov 2010</li></ol>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGonzalezTahsinGoodaleGreene2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gonzalez, Graciela H.; Tahsin, Tasnia; Goodale, Britton C.; Greene, Anna C.; Greene, Casey S. (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4719073">"Recent Advances and Emerging Applications in Text and Data Mining for Biomedical Discovery"</a>. Briefings in Bioinformatics. 17 (1): 33–42. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbib%2Fbbv087">10.1093/bib/bbv087</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-4054">1477-4054</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4719073">4719073</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26420781">26420781</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSkupinBiberstineBörner2013" class="citation journal cs1">Skupin, André; Biberstine, Joseph R.; Börner, Katy (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3595294">"Visualizing the topical structure of the medical sciences: a self-organizing map approach"</a>. PLOS ONE. 8 (3): e58779. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...858779S">2013PLoSO...858779S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0058779">10.1371/journal.pone.0058779</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3595294">3595294</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23554924">23554924</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-caseolapCV-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-caseolapCV_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-caseolapCV_20-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFLiemMuraliSigdelShi2018" class="citation journal cs1">Liem, David A.; Murali, Sanjana; Sigdel, Dibakar; Shi, Yu; Wang, Xuan; Shen, Jiaming; Choi, Howard; Caufield, John H.; Wang, Wei; Ping, Peipei; Han, Jiawei (Oct 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6230912">"Phrase mining of textual data to analyze extracellular matrix protein patterns across cardiovascular disease"</a>. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 315 (4): H910 – H924. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajpheart.00175.2018">10.1152/ajpheart.00175.2018</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1522-1539">1522-1539</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6230912">6230912</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29775406">29775406</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sverigeskommunikatorer.se/kunskap/nyheter/gdpr-del-3--missbruksregeln-upphor-vad-innebar-det-for-kommunikatoren/#:~:text=Vad%20inneb%C3%A4r%20Missbruksregeln%3F,men%20%C3%A4ven%20publicering%20av%20bilder">"Swedish data privacy regulations discontinue separation of "unstructured" and "structured""</a>.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tdan.com/view-articles/5009">Matching Unstructured Data and Structured Data</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dynomapper.com/blog/21-sitemaps-and-seo/433-what-is-structured-data-for-seo">a brief description for Structured Data</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://securiti.ai/unstructured-data-101-definition-examples-benefits-challenges/">Unstructured Data Definition, Examples, Benefits & Challenges</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Data8" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Data" title="Data">Data</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Data_acquisition" title="Data acquisition">Acquisition</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_augmentation" title="Data augmentation">Augmentation</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">Analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_anonymization" title="Data anonymization">Anonymization</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_archaeology" title="Data archaeology">Archaeology</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_cleansing" title="Data cleansing">Cleansing</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_collection" title="Data collection">Collection</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_compression" title="Data compression">Compression</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_corruption" title="Data corruption">Corruption</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_curation" title="Data curation">Curation</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_deduplication" title="Data deduplication">Deduplication</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_degradation" title="Data degradation">Degradation</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_de-identification" class="mw-redirect" title="Data de-identification">De-identification</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_ecosystem" title="Data ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_editing" title="Data editing">Editing</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_engineering" title="Data engineering">Engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_erasure" title="Data erasure">Erasure</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Data_extraction" title="Data extraction">Extract</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_transformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transformation">Transform</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Data ethics">Ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_exhaust" title="Data exhaust">Exhaust</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_exploration" title="Data exploration">Exploration</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_farming" title="Data farming">Farming</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_format_management" title="Data format management">Format management</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_fusion" title="Data fusion">Fusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_governance" title="Data governance">Governance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Data_cooperative" title="Data cooperative">Cooperatives</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Data_infrastructure" title="Data infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_integration" title="Data integration">Integration</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_integrity" title="Data integrity">Integrity</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Data library">Library</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_lineage" title="Data lineage">Lineage</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_management" title="Data management">Management</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_migration" title="Data migration">Migration</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_mining" title="Data mining">Mining</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_philanthropy" title="Data philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_pre-processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Data pre-processing">Pre-processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_preservation" title="Data preservation">Preservation</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_processing" title="Data processing">Processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_privacy" title="Information privacy">Protection (privacy)</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_publishing" title="Data publishing">Publishing</a>

<li><a href="Data_recovery" title="Data recovery">Recovery</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_reduction" title="Data reduction">Reduction</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_redundancy" title="Data redundancy">Redundancy</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_re-identification" title="Data re-identification">Re-identification</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_remanence" title="Data remanence">Remanence</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_rescue" title="Data rescue">Rescue</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_retention" title="Data retention">Retention</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_quality" title="Data quality">Quality</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_science" title="Data science">Science</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_scraping" title="Data scraping">Scraping</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_scrubbing" title="Data scrubbing">Scrubbing</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_security" title="Data security">Security</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_sharing" title="Data sharing">Sharing</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_steward" title="Data steward">Stewardship</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_storage" title="Data storage">Storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_structure" title="Data structure">Structure</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_synchronization" title="Data synchronization">Synchronization</a></li>

<li><a href="Topological_data_analysis" title="Topological data analysis">Topological data analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_validation" title="Data validation">Validation</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_warehouse" title="Data warehouse">Warehouse</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_wrangling" title="Data wrangling">Wrangling/munging</a></li></ul>

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